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Canine
parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious viral infection
in dogs and cats which is transmitted by oral ingestion
of viral contaminated feces. In several studies, scientists
indicate the possibility that CPV and feline panleukopenia
virus undergo mutual interspecies transmission between
dogs and cats, and it is postulated that they may cause
disease in some adventitious hosts. Upon ingestion by
the new host it infects local lymph nodes, quickly multiplies
and then via the blood moves to the small intestine
where signs of the disease begin in approximately 5-6
days. The virus is extremely deleterious to the lining
(mucosa) of the small intestine. The surface of the
mucosa is stripped away upsetting crucial barriers and
interfering with normal balance of digestive enzyme
secretion and nutrient absorption. Additionally, the
normal bacterial flora of the small intestine which
aid in digestion are now exposed to ulcerated mucosa,
providing a direct route into the blood stream. Fluid
loss from both vomiting and diarrhea is dramatic and
dehydration ensues. The onslaught of bacteria and toxins
into the blood will ultimately cause death.
The incidence of the disease is highest in young dogs
and tends to start some time after the puppy has lost
its maternal protection passed on at birth with the
first milk (colostrum). Any age can be infected but,
most dogs are infected between the ages of 2-6 months
when maternal antibody decreases below a protective
level in the puppy. Signs of the disease usually are
mild to nonexistent. However, a full blown case of parvovirus
untreated can easily be fatal. Certain breeds such as
Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, and possibly black
Labrador retrievers.seem to be more sensitive to the
disease which may have a correlation with their immune
system.
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